Air quality concerns encompass several different pollutants and irritants. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were, for example, a major concern in the 20th century due to the damage they cause to the ozone layer. But not all pollutants are easy to monitor. Hydrogen sulfide, which causes irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat at low levels and much […]
You can play chess just as easily on a $2 set from a thrift store as you can on a $2,000 ornate set from a bespoke retailer. But that doesn’t stop people from building or buying those fancy chess sets. If you’re the DIY type, you may even be interested in an electronic chessboard like […]
Building a robot is only half the battle, because you also need a way to control it. Something like a rover may work with a simple joystick or even typed commands. But complex robots often have many motors and controlling those all directly becomes a challenge. That’s why Will Cogley chose motion control for his […]
We see many Arduino projects that feature audio output, but they tend to require a substantial amount of additional hardware. Audio files take up a lot of storage space, so they require something like an SD card adapter. Audio signals are analog, so they require a DAC (digital-to-analog converter) to get good quality. And then, […]
Modern integrated circuit (IC) chips can have transistors as small as two nanometers, which is only about 10 silicon atoms laid end-to-end. At that scale, fabrication looks more like chemistry than any kind of physical manipulation — a machinist isn’t carving tiny transistors into silicon wafers. For many types semiconductors, the fabrication process requires a […]
Thermal cameras are very useful tools, because they let us see heat that would normally be invisible to our eyes. Maybe you’re working on a custom PCB and want to see if any of the components generate excessive heat. Or maybe you’re concerned that your car’s exhaust headers don’t heat evenly and you want to […]
Although we recently launched the new 32-bit Arduino UNO R4, Clem Mayer wanted to honor its 8-bit predecessor by making something special using the Rev3. Drawing on old hardware designs, the ZX-81 is an 8-bit computer based on the Z80 processor which has 1KB of RAM and 1KB of EEPROM available for the user to utilize […]
Video games are popular because they provide a clear and reliable loop of effort and reward. If you smash the baddie, you get experience; get enough experience and you level up. But real life isn’t like that and there is little direct correlation between effort and reward, which is dissatisfying. Gamification techniques address that by […]
You already know that computers store and interpret data in binary: ones and zeroes. There are many, many ways to store binary data, because it works with anything that can maintain at least two states. In the early days of computing, punch cards were common. They were paper cards with a grid of points. A […]
Evolution is fact — at least as much as anything is a “fact” in the scientific sense. What is still very much in question is abiogenesis, which is the origin of life from inorganic compounds. Evolution is the mechanism that took unicellular life to our current biodiversity, but scientists don’t know exactly how the first […]
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